Can you incorporate alone as the only shareholder?

Is a one-person corporation legitimate?

Absolutely. Under both Quebec and federal law, a corporation only requires a minimum of one shareholder and one director.

You will simultaneously wear three hats: you own 100% of the shares (Shareholder), you oversee the company's direction (Director), and you run the daily operations (President/Officer). Even though it's just you, the corporation remains a distinct legal entity with its own bank accounts, tax returns, and legal rights.

Do I still need a board of directors?

Yes, every corporation must have a board of directors, but you can be the sole director. You constitute the entire board.

You will make decisions alone, but you must still document them legally. When you declare a dividend to yourself, the "sole director" must sign a written resolution approving the dividend payable to the "sole shareholder". It feels bureaucratic, but maintaining this paperwork is what proves your company is legally distinct from you.

What happens to the company if I pass away?

Because a corporation is a separate legal entity, it does not "die" when you die. Instead, the shares you own become part of your estate.

Your executor (liquidator) will take control of the shares and must decide whether to appoint a new director to keep the business running, sell the business, or dissolve it. For solo founders, having an updated will and a clear succession plan is critical to prevent the business assets from being frozen.

Can I easily add a partner later?

Yes, that is a major advantage of starting as an incorporation rather than a sole proprietorship.

If you find a co-founder or an investor, you don't have to "sell" your personal assets to them. The corporation simply issues new shares from its treasury to the new partner. A good initial share structure created by a lawyer makes this process incredibly simple and tax-efficient.